英译汉命题特点
1． 指代
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with
pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
【结构分析】本句中涉及3个指代词：that, them和they。通读全句可看出，and后面省略了there will
be。而that引导的定语从句是限定先行词pollution
monitors的。由此可见，them和they都是指cars。只有找对了them和they指代的真正内容，才能准确地将disable和offend译出，否则，考生可能会将其分别译为"残废"和"冒犯"。
【参考译文】届时，将出现由机器人主持地电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污差标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。
The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which
means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing
and marketing food.
【结构分析】根据上下文，句中你的this是指前文一段中的"人口增长"：而which引导非限定性定语从句，which代替前面整个主句，对其进行说明，可译为"这"。
【参考译文】食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。
1992年翻译题最典型，每个句子都涉及到指代。请看原文：
"Intelligence" at best is an assumptive construct--- the meaning of
the word has
never been clear. 71)There is more agreement on the kinds of
behavior referred to by
the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it
is generally agreed
that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas
readily, make
distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and
mathematical symbols in
solving problems, An intelligence test is a tough measure of a
child's capacity for
learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in
school. It does not
measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual
skills or artistic
abilities. It is not supposed to --- it was not designed for such
purposes. 72)To
criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a
thermometer for not
measuring wind velocity.
The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the
intelligence of any
subject is essentially a comparative affair. 73) Now since the
assessment of
intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale
with which we are
comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. It
is here that some of
the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed
involves at least three
factors: the intention to do one's best, the knowledge required for
understanding what
you have to do ,and the intellectual ability to do it. 74) The first
two must be equal
for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of
intelligence is to be
made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be
made fair and
reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved
thoroughly. Its value
lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for
prediction, No one is in the
least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what
we are interested in is
whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child
will do better of
worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require
"general
intelligence". 75) One the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with
a certain degree
of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the
same attitude
towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and
only if he was not
punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
71）the term 指intelligence; them指the kinds of behavior.
72) it 指 intelligence test。 Such 指代前面提到的it does not measure
character
73) with which = with the scale.
74)the first two=the first two factors (即: the intention to do one's
best, the knowledge
required for understanding what you have to do); all=all people.
75)the other 指the other child; whom指the other; which 指information;
they 指the
other children.
【参考译文】
71）人们对智力所指的不同表现，比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类，看法更为一致。
72）批评智力测验不测孩子的性格等情况，犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。
73）既然对智力的评估是比较而言的事，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供"有效的"或"公平的"比较。
74）如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的化，那么对所有比较对象来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。
75）总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件；能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
【全文参考译文】
"智力"充其量只是一个假设性的概念，因为智力的含义从来就是模糊的。
71）人们对智力所指的不同表现，比对这些表现如何进行解释分类，
看法更为一致。但是一般认为，智力好的人是能够迅速领会思想，区分事务，进行逻辑推理并运用文字和数字符号来解决问题的人。智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童学习所要求的不同知识的能力。智力测验并不测定人的品格、社会适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能和艺术才能。智力测试没有这样的的任务，因为它并不是为这样的用途而设计的。72）批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样、我们要注意的另一件事是，对任何测试对象的智力评估基本上是比较而言的事。
73）既然对智力的评估是比较而言的事，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供"有效的"或"公平的"比较。由此而产生一些引起我们关注的问题。进行任何测试至少要包含三个因素：尽力考好测试的意向，了解要参加考试所需要的知识，以及做这件事的智能。
74）如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有比较对象来说，前两个因素必须时一样的。
在我们培养的学生中、上述设想可以公平合理。这就完全证明了智力测试的价值。它的价值当然就在于它对预测提供了满意的依据。没有人丝毫会对一个儿童在测试中所取得的分数感兴趣。我们感兴趣的是，我们能否从他测试的成绩中得出结论：这个儿童和与他年龄相同的其他儿童相比，在完成我
们认为需要"一般智力"的任务时，他会做得更好还是更差。
75）总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握有关知识而被扣分。
同样，1993年的翻译中每个句子也都涉及到指代：
71）The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the
expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is
simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given
precise and exact explanations. There is no more difference, but
there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental
operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as
there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a
butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations
of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means
of his balance and finely graded weights. 72) It is not that the
scales in the one case, and the balance in the other differ in the
principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the
latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in
its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some
familiar examples. 73) You have all heard it repeated that men of
science work by means of induction (归纳法)and deduction, that by the
help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to
extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out d these , by
some special skill d their own, they build up their theories. 74)
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind
can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have
to be acquired, by a sort of special training. To hear all these
large words, you would think that, the mind of a man of science must
be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but is it
you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are
quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by
yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.
There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere's plays, where the
author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that
you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the
discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive
and deductive philosophy during the same period. 75)Probably there
is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to
set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind,
though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes
through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
【结构分析】
71）句中的it指代the method of scientific investigation; by which=by the
mode.
72）句中的in the one case 指上面句中的methods of a baker or of a butcher
weighing out his goods in common scales; in the other 指the operation
of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means
of his balance; the latter指天平，the former指磅秤。因此，在翻译此句中的in the one
case, in the other 以及the former, the latter 时应将其所指译出。
73）句中的it属结构上的指代，它代替that引导的三个并列的从句；they指men of science; these
指代certain natural laws。
74）句中的many=many people; the operation 指thinking （思维活动）；these process
与73）句 these operations 相同，皆指men of science work by means of
induction and deduction; they=men of science.
75）that指代reasoning
【全文参考译文】
71）科学家研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。下面两种情况下的区别是相同：科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间的区别同普通磅秤秤货的面包师或卖肉者的思维活动和方式和用天平及精密刻度的砝码进行困难而复杂的分析时化学家的思维活动之间的区别。只有这点区别，此外就没有别的区别了；
72）这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或运转方式上有什么区别，而是说，与磅秤相比，天平是一种更为精密得多得仪器，因而在计量上就更精确。
要是我给你举几个熟悉得例子，或许你会更清楚地理解这一点。
73）你们多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己地某种非同一般地本领，建立起他们地理论。
74）许多人译为，普通人地思维活动根本无法和科学家地思维过程相比，他们还认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。听了上面的夸张言词后，你会以为，科学家的思维结构与普通人的思维结构大不相同；但是假如你没有被这些言词所吓怕，你会发现，你是完全错了；你还会发现，所有这些令人望而生畏的说法你自己每时每刻也在使用。在莫里哀的一个剧本中有这样一个著名的插曲：作者让主人公得知他在整个一生中一直在说散文后，表现出无限得喜悦。同样，我认为，当你一旦发现你在一生中一直在按归纳法吓演绎法得哲理办事时，你也会感到欣慰吓陶醉。
75）大概这里不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂得思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历得思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样得。
译路通武汉汉口翻译公司整理
2012.5.23