Chimpanzee
The most striking single fact about chimpanzees is the flexibility of their
social life, the lack of any rigid form of organization. It represents
about as far a departure from the baboon type of organization as one can
find among the higher primates, and serves to emphasize the great
variety of primate adaptations. Chimpanzees are more human than baboons, or
rather they jibe better with the way we like to picture ourselves, as
free-wheeling individuals who tend to be unpredictable, do not take
readily to any form of regimentation, and are frequently charming.
(Charm is relatively rare among baboons.) Two researchers have described
what they found during more than eight months spent among chimpanzees in
their natural habitat the forest:"We were quite surprised to observe that
there is no single distinct social unit in chimpanzee society. Not only is
there no 'family' or 'harem' organization; neither is there a 'troop'
organization - that is to say, no particular chimpanzees keep permanently
together. On the contrary, individuals move about at will, alone or in
small groups best described as bands, which sometimes form into large
aggregations.
They leave their associates if they want to, and join up with new ones
without conflict. " The general practice is best described as "easy
come, easy go", although there are certain group-forming
tendencies. As a rule chimpanzees move about in one of four types of band:
adult males only; mothers and offspring and occasionally a few other
females; adults and adolescents of both sexes, but no mothers with young
and representatives of all categories mixed together. The composition of
bands may change a number of times during the course of a day
as individuals wander off and groups split or combine with other groups.
On the other hand, certain individuals prefer one another's company. One of
the researchers observed that four males often roamed together over a
four-month period, and mothers often associated with their older
offsprings.
黑猩猩
黑猩猩最突出的一个特征是它们社会生活的灵活性，即缺乏固定的组织形式。 它的这 一特征与狒狒的那种组织形态间的差别，在灵长动物中最为突出。
由此可见灵长类动物中 适应性变化的多样性。 黑猩猩比狒狒更接近人类，或者说它与我们心愿的自我形象更为接
近：自由自在，不落窠臼，不喜欢任何形式的约束并且往往魅力十足(在狒狒中魅力比较罕 见)。 通过在黑猩猩的自然栖息地森林中对它们进行了 8
个月的观察，两名研究人员得出这
样结论："我们注意到在黑猩猩的社会中似乎没有任何一种独立的社会基本单位，这一点令 我们很吃惊。
它们不仅没有'家庭'或'妻妾'组织，也没有'团队'组织，也就是说黑猩猩没有固 定地生活在一起。
相反，每只黑猩猩随意流动，或是独自一人，或是作为最好称之为团伙 的一员。 团伙有时会与其它团伙合并成大的聚合体。 它们可以随意离开同伴，并与其它黑
猩猩组成新的团伙而不会产生任何纠纷。"把黑猩猩这一总的特性称之为"来得容易去得快" 是最恰当不过了。 但它们也有一定的群体倾向性。
通常，黑猩猩群的构成有以下 4 种：仅 有成年雄性； 母猩猩及其子女而且偶尔有几只其它的雌性猩猩； 雄性和雌性的成年和未成
年黑猩猩但不包括有子女的雌性黑猩猩； 以及各种类型混杂在一起。 一天之中一个团伙的
组成可能变化好几次，因为有的成员可能离开，而且群体可能会与其它群体合并。 另一方 面，有些黑猩猩有自己喜欢的伙伴。
一名研究人员发现四只雄性黑猩猩在 4 个月中常常共 同游荡，还有母亲们常与她们较年长的子女们在一起。
译路通武汉翻译公司整理
2012.8.2