工程焊缝要求翻译-中英
5）根焊道起弧点保证熔透，根焊道内成型均匀凸起。填充层层数符合要求，填充焊道距管外表面1-2mm，盖面前可根据填充情况在立焊部位增加立填焊。焊接时，焊条或焊丝不宜摆动太大，对较宽的焊道采用多道焊方法排焊。
（16）焊接过程中，保证流水作业各焊接工作紧密衔接，各层焊道连续焊接，确保层间温度达到工艺规程要求。
（17）焊接过程中，焊工作好所焊焊道的自检、修补。焊接完成后，焊工将焊缝表面的熔渣、飞溅等，清理干净。
（18）焊工将焊条头、焊丝段、焊丝盘等工业垃圾放入回收桶内，集中处理。
（19）组对焊接起始站以及下班或中止焊接2h以上时，组焊末端要用管帽封堵管口，但管帽不允许与管子点焊。管帽具备防止泥水进入管内的功能。下沟后的管段，同样采用管帽封堵管子两端。
（20）在下列任何一种焊接环境下，若无有效的防护措施，严禁施焊：
a)雨、雪天气；
b)大气相对湿度大于90%；
c)环境温度低于焊接工艺规程规定的温度（低于5℃）；
d)手工焊时风速大于5m/s；气体保护焊时风速大于2m/s；
（21） 对焊接环境采取保护措施如下：
a)手工、半自动焊施焊时采用简易防风棚；
b)根焊焊接时，管线两端管口必须封堵，已焊接管段一端采用易拆卸的封堵封死，组对焊接管端用帆布管套封堵，防止管内产生穿堂风，影响焊接质量。
c)在防风棚内装设换风扇、除湿机和加热装置，降低防风棚内空气湿度；
d)焊接环境温度低于焊接工艺规程规定的温度时，每层焊道焊后立即用石棉保温被（玻璃棉或杂毛毡）对焊接接头包裹缓冷，降低焊缝冷却速度。
（22）当日不能完成的焊口，必须完成50%钢管壁厚并不少于三层焊道，未完成的焊口采用干燥、防水、隔热的材料覆盖好。
（23）每个焊完的焊口，在气流方向上方距焊口100mm处标出施焊焊工的代号，并填写记录，不采用钢印做标记。
2）焊缝检验
（1）外观检查
管口焊接、修补或返修完成后，及时进行外观检查，检查前清净接头表面熔渣、飞溅物和其它污物。检查首先自检（包括焊工自检、机组质检员专检）后由现场监理复检合格。
外观检查采用目测、卷尺、焊接检验尺。
专职检查人员有一定焊接经验和技术水平，具有资格证书；
本工程焊缝要达到以下外观质量标准：
a)焊缝及其附近表面上无焊渣、无飞溅、无裂纹、未熔合、气孔、夹渣、引弧痕迹、有害焊瘤、凹坑及夹具焊点等缺陷。
b)焊缝外观成形均匀一致，焊缝表面不低于母材表面，焊缝余高0.5-1.6mm，余高超过时，进行打磨，打磨后与母材圆滑过渡，不伤及母材。
c)焊后错边量:不大于1.6mm。
d)焊缝宽度比外表面坡口宽度每侧增加0.5mm~3.0mm。
e)咬边深度不超过0.5mm；咬边深度小于0.3mm的任何长度均为合格；咬边深度在0.3～0.5mm之间，单个长度不超过30mm，累计长度不大于焊缝周长的15%。
（2）无损检测
本工程管道焊接的无损检测要求跟据设计要求和现行国家标准《现场设备、工业管道焊接工程及验收规范》GB50236-98中关于无损检测的要求，对管道焊缝（包括地下室中压和其它设计要求的管线）进行30%射线无损拍片，对过路部分管道焊口进行100%的X射线检测，Ⅱ级为合格，执行标准为GB/T12605-90。低压燃气管道焊接连接的所有焊缝随机抽不少于总数的15%进行射线探伤检查，其质量不得低于《钢管环焊缝熔化焊对接接头射线照透工艺和质量分级》中对II片质量要求。
7. Flange connection
1) The flange shall be carried out visual inspection before installation, and conform to following requirements:
(1) Flange nominal pressure shall conform to the design requirements.
(2) The sealing surface of flange shall be smooth and clean, and free from burrs and radial grooves. The threaded portion of flange shall be complete without any damage. The convex surface of flange shall be naturally coupled; the height of the convex shall not be lower than groove depth.
(3) The threads of bolts and nuts shall be completed and free from burrs and other defects; bolts and nuts shall be in well fit and free from the phenomenon of any loose or jam.
2) Flanges and piping sets shall conform to the following requirements:
Flange end face shall be perpendicular to the centerline of the pipeline; the deviation can be checked with square and ruler; when the nominal diameter of pipeline is smaller than or equal to 300turn, the allowable variation is about 1mm; when the nominal diameter of pipeline is larger than 300mm, the allowable variation shall be 2rmn.
3) The flange shall be installed and connected in a free status, and shall conform to the following requirements:
(1) The flange connection shall be in parallel position, the deviation shall not be greater than 1.5 ‰ of flange diameter, and shall not exceed 2mm. It is prohibited to apply the method of tightening the bolt to eliminate the deflection.
(2) The flange connection shall be in the same axis; the deviation of screw pore center shall not exceed 5%, and ensure that bolts can get into hole without hammering.
(3) The flange gasket shall conform to the relevant standard; do not use the ramp pads or double gasket. When using the soft cushion, the edges shall be neat; the pad size shall be consistent with the sealing surface of flange.
(4) Bolt and screw diameter shall be set uniform, and use the bolts with same specification and installed in the same direction; fasten the bolt with moderate force; the exposed length of bolts after fastening shall not be exceed 1 times of the length of the screw pitch, and shall not lower than the nut.
(5) The bolts after tightening shall be close to the flange, and free from seam wedge. The gasket of each bolt on each side shall not be more than 1 gasket.
4) The distant from flange to bracket edge or wall shall not less than 200mm.
5) When directly buried flange, apply the preservative measures with the same level for the flanges of pipeline and fasteners.
8. Pipeline backfill earth
(1) General control measures
A. Before starting of backfilling of pipeline, report the special position of the pipeline backfill of construction project to resident supervising engineer for approval; clarify the construction scheme, technical measures and backfill quality assurance system and report for approval before construction;
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