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生态保护面临的问题翻译-中英对照

发布时间:2013-4-10      阅读次数:1178

生态保护面临的问题翻译-中英对照
近年来,我国加强了生态保护和恢复工作,先后启动了天然林保护工程、退耕还林还草工程、退田还湖工程,建立了一批不同类型的自然保护区、重要生态功能保护区等,全国森林覆盖率显著上升,荒漠化防治以及重点流域的水土流失治理工作取得了显著的成效,为改善我国生态,起到了积极的作用。但是,目前,我国生态保护的所面临的形势依然较为严峻,全国仅1/3左右的国土生态环境质量优良,而1/3的国土生态环境处于差或较差水平。区域生态恶化的趋势没有得到有效遏制,生态问题依然严重。局部生态问题有所缓和,区域、流域生态破坏在加剧;原有的生态问题略有好转,新的生态问题不断涌现;人工生态环境有所改善,原生生态环境在加速衰退;单项生态问题有所控制,系统性生态问题更加突出;显性的生态问题向隐性的生态问题转变。从总体上看,生态系统呈现由结构性破坏向功能性紊乱演变的发展态势,局部地区生态退化的现象有所缓和,但生态退化的实质没有改变,生态退化的趋势在加剧,生态系统更不稳定,生态服务功能持续下降,生态灾害在加重,生态问题更加复杂化,生态环境状况不容乐观。
1、表观性生态问题形势严峻
(1)植被衰退日趋严重
由于气候变暖和经济高速增长、人口快速增加以及城市化水平不断提高导致森林、草地等主体植被严重退化。
森林植被功能持续下降。据第六次林业普查结果,我国森林依然面临总量不足,分布不均;林木龄组结构不尽合理,幼中龄林比重大;人工林面积大,林龄单一、林种单一、林相单一、林分结构简单现象严重,单位蓄积量低;森林质量不高,郁闭度偏低(全国平均为0.52%),用材林的消耗量仍然高于生长量。
我国草地资源中,天然草地面积大,人工草地比例过小;天然草地的面积逐步减少,质量不断下降,据统计,20世纪70年代草地退化面积仅占10%,80年代占30%,90年代中期已达到50%。其中重度和中度退化的占退化草地面积的一半,现在仍以每年200万hm2的速度发展。
(2)土地退化问题突出
中国土地退化问题日益突出。盐渍化和沙化土地不断增加,水土流失仍然严重,土壤污染日益加重,耕地不断减少。
沙化危害依然突出。截止2005年底全国沙化土地面积高达174万平方公里,占国土面积的18.1%,涉及全国30个省(区、市)841个县(旗)。
我国己成为世界上水土流失最严重的国家之一,全国水土流失面积达367万平方公里,占国土面积的38%,其中水力侵蚀面积179万平方公里。自20世纪90年代以来,中国每年新增水土流失面积1.5万多平方公里,新增水土流失量超过3亿吨。
耕地资源持续减少。建国以来,全国已有66.7万公顷耕地成为流动沙地。1996-2006年间,中国平均每年净减少的耕地是82万公顷。同时由于一些地区长期过量使用化学肥料、农药、农膜以及污水灌溉,土壤污染问题日益凸现,土壤污染的总体形势相当严峻。
一、中国生态保护面临的问题
近年来,我国加强了生态保护和恢复工作,先后启动了天然林保护工程、退耕还林还草工程、退田还湖工程,建立了一批不同类型的自然保护区、重要生态功能保护区等,全国森林覆盖率显著上升,荒漠化防治以及重点流域的水土流失治理工作取得了显著的成效,为改善我国生态,起到了积极的作用。但是,目前,我国生态保护的所面临的形势依然较为严峻,全国仅1/3左右的国土生态环境质量优良,而1/3的国土生态环境处于差或较差水平。区域生态恶化的趋势没有得到有效遏制,生态问题依然严重。局部生态问题有所缓和,区域、流域生态破坏在加剧;原有的生态问题略有好转,新的生态问题不断涌现;人工生态环境有所改善,原生生态环境在加速衰退;单项生态问题有所控制,系统性生态问题更加突出;显性的生态问题向隐性的生态问题转变。从总体上看,生态系统呈现由结构性破坏向功能性紊乱演变的发展态势,局部地区生态退化的现象有所缓和,但生态退化的实质没有改变,生态退化的趋势在加剧,生态系统更不稳定,生态服务功能持续下降,生态灾害在加重,生态问题更加复杂化,生态环境状况不容乐观。
1、表观性生态问题形势严峻
(1)植被衰退日趋严重
由于气候变暖和经济高速增长、人口快速增加以及城市化水平不断提高导致森林、草地等主体植被严重退化。
森林植被功能持续下降。据第六次林业普查结果,我国森林依然面临总量不足,分布不均;林木龄组结构不尽合理,幼中龄林比重大;人工林面积大,林龄单一、林种单一、林相单一、林分结构简单现象严重,单位蓄积量低;森林质量不高,郁闭度偏低(全国平均为0.52%),用材林的消耗量仍然高于生长量。
我国草地资源中,天然草地面积大,人工草地比例过小;天然草地的面积逐步减少,质量不断下降,据统计,20世纪70年代草地退化面积仅占10%,80年代占30%,90年代中期已达到50%。其中重度和中度退化的占退化草地面积的一半,现在仍以每年200万hm2的速度发展。
(2)土地退化问题突出
中国土地退化问题日益突出。盐渍化和沙化土地不断增加,水土流失仍然严重,土壤污染日益加重,耕地不断减少。
沙化危害依然突出。截止2005年底全国沙化土地面积高达174万平方公里,占国土面积的18.1%,涉及全国30个省(区、市)841个县(旗)。
我国己成为世界上水土流失最严重的国家之一,全国水土流失面积达367万平方公里,占国土面积的38%,其中水力侵蚀面积179万平方公里。自20世纪90年代以来,中国每年新增水土流失面积1.5万多平方公里,新增水土流失量超过3亿吨。
耕地资源持续减少。建国以来,全国已有66.7万公顷耕地成为流动沙地。1996-2006年间,中国平均每年净减少的耕地是82万公顷。同时由于一些地区长期过量使用化学肥料、农药、农膜以及污水灌溉,土壤污染问题日益凸现,土壤污染的总体形势相当严峻。
一、中国生态保护面临的问题
近年来,我国加强了生态保护和恢复工作,先后启动了天然林保护工程、退耕还林还草工程、退田还湖工程,建立了一批不同类型的自然保护区、重要生态功能保护区等,全国森林覆盖率显著上升,荒漠化防治以及重点流域的水土流失治理工作取得了显著的成效,为改善我国生态,起到了积极的作用。但是,目前,我国生态保护的所面临的形势依然较为严峻,全国仅1/3左右的国土生态环境质量优良,而1/3的国土生态环境处于差或较差水平。区域生态恶化的趋势没有得到有效遏制,生态问题依然严重。局部生态问题有所缓和,区域、流域生态破坏在加剧;原有的生态问题略有好转,新的生态问题不断涌现;人工生态环境有所改善,原生生态环境在加速衰退;单项生态问题有所控制,系统性生态问题更加突出;显性的生态问题向隐性的生态问题转变。从总体上看,生态系统呈现由结构性破坏向功能性紊乱演变的发展态势,局部地区生态退化的现象有所缓和,但生态退化的实质没有改变,生态退化的趋势在加剧,生态系统更不稳定,生态服务功能持续下降,生态灾害在加重,生态问题更加复杂化,生态环境状况不容乐观。
1、表观性生态问题形势严峻
(1)植被衰退日趋严重
由于气候变暖和经济高速增长、人口快速增加以及城市化水平不断提高导致森林、草地等主体植被严重退化。
森林植被功能持续下降。据第六次林业普查结果,我国森林依然面临总量不足,分布不均;林木龄组结构不尽合理,幼中龄林比重大;人工林面积大,林龄单一、林种单一、林相单一、林分结构简单现象严重,单位蓄积量低;森林质量不高,郁闭度偏低(全国平均为0.52%),用材林的消耗量仍然高于生长量。
我国草地资源中,天然草地面积大,人工草地比例过小;天然草地的面积逐步减少,质量不断下降,据统计,20世纪70年代草地退化面积仅占10%,80年代占30%,90年代中期已达到50%。其中重度和中度退化的占退化草地面积的一半,现在仍以每年200万hm2的速度发展。
(2)土地退化问题突出
中国土地退化问题日益突出。盐渍化和沙化土地不断增加,水土流失仍然严重,土壤污染日益加重,耕地不断减少。
沙化危害依然突出。截止2005年底全国沙化土地面积高达174万平方公里,占国土面积的18.1%,涉及全国30个省(区、市)841个县(旗)。
我国己成为世界上水土流失最严重的国家之一,全国水土流失面积达367万平方公里,占国土面积的38%,其中水力侵蚀面积179万平方公里。自20世纪90年代以来,中国每年新增水土流失面积1.5万多平方公里,新增水土流失量超过3亿吨。
耕地资源持续减少。建国以来,全国已有66.7万公顷耕地成为流动沙地。1996-2006年间,中国平均每年净减少的耕地是82万公顷。同时由于一些地区长期过量使用化学肥料、农药、农膜以及污水灌溉,土壤污染问题日益凸现,土壤污染的总体形势相当严峻。
I. Problems Faced by Ecological Protection in China
In recent years, China has strengthened ecological protection and restoration, launched natural forests protection projects, returning farmland to forest and grassland projects as well as returning farmland to lake projects, and built a number of different types of nature reserves and important ecological function reserves, so that the national forest coverage rate has increased significantly and desertification prevention and soil erosion control for major river basins have made notable achievements, which plays a positive role in improvement of the ecological environment in China. At present, however, ecological protection in China is still faced with a more severe situation: only 1/3 of the ecological environment of national territory is in good condition but 1/3 of ecological environment of national territory is in poor or lower level. The trend of ecological deterioration in the some regions has not been effectively curbed and ecological problems are still serious. Local ecological problems have eased up but regional and river-basin ecological damages are aggravated; previous ecological problems have become a littler better but new ecological problems emerge successively; artificial ecological environment has been improved slightly but the primary ecological environment accelerates degradation; individual ecological problems have been controlled to some extent but systematical ecological problems become more prominent, dominant ecological problems are transformed into hidden ecological problems. Viewed as a whole, the ecosystem is developing from structural damages to functional disorders; local ecological degradation has eased up but the essence of ecological degradation has not been changed; the trend of ecological degradation is intensified; ecosystem is not stable; ecosystem service function declines continuously; ecological disasters become heavier; ecological problems become more complex; ecological environment is not optimistic.
1. Apparent ecological problems are faced with severe situation
(1) More serious vegetation degradation
As a result of climate warming and rapid economic growth, rapid population increase and continuous improvement of urbanization level, main vegetation such as forests and grasslands have deteriorated seriously.
Forest vegetation function has been declining continuously. According to the results of the sixth forestry survey, the forest resources in China is still faced with a lot of problems such as insufficient total quantity and uneven distribution; unreasonable forest age group structure and most young-middle-age group; a large area of plantation, single forest age, single forest species, single forest form, simple stand structure and low reserves per unit; poor forest quality, low canopy density (the national average level is 0.52%) and timber consumption higher than its growth.
Among the grassland resources in China, natural grassland has a larger area but artificial grassland accounts for a small proportion; natural grassland decreases in quantity gradually and declines in quality continuously. According to statistics, the degraded grassland area occupied only 10% in the 1970s, 30% in the 1980s but even 50% in the middle of the 1990s. Moderate and severe degradation has accounted for 50% of the degraded grassland area and the degradation is continuing at a speed of 2 million hm2 per year now.
(2) Highlighted land degradation
Land degradation in China has become increasingly prominent. Land salinization and desertification increases continuously; soil erosion is still serious; soil pollution become worse increasingly; arable land decreases continuously.
Desertification hazard is still serious. By the end of 2005, the area of nationwide land desertification had been as high as 1.74 million square kilometers, accounting for 18.1% of the land of China, involving 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and 841 counties (prefectures).
China has become one of the countries suffering from the most serious soil erosion in the world and the nationwide soil erosion area has reached 3.67 million square kilometers, accounting for 38% of China’s land area, including water erosion area of 1.79 million square kilometers. Since the 1990s, the newly increased soil erosion area in China every year has been over 15,000 square kilometers, with a volume of more than 300 million tons.
Arable land resources continue to decrease. Since 1949, 667,000 hectares of arable land in China has become mobile sand. From 1996 to 2006, the average annual net decreased arable land in China was 820,000 hectares. At the same time, due to long-term excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, plastic sheeting and wastewater irrigation in some areas, soil pollution problem has become increasingly apparent and the overall situation of soil pollution is quite grim.

武汉翻译公司

2013.4.10

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