气候变化报告翻译-中英对照
在全球气候变化的背景下，我国的气候变化对全球气候变化响应十分明显，尤其在最近的50年，我国的地表平均温度、降水、极端气候事件以及其他气候要素则出现了较为显著的变化。年平均地表气温增加1.1℃，增温速率为0.22℃/10年，明显高于全球或北半球同期平均增温速率。全国平均年降水量虽然没有呈现显著变化趋势,但降水量的年际波动较大，降水量趋势存在明显的区域差异。从1956年到2000年，长江中下游和东南地区、西部大部分地区、以及东北北部和内蒙古大部分的年降水量有不同程度增加；但是，我国华北、西北东部、东北南部等地区年降水量出现下降趋势。我国的日照时间、水面蒸发量、近地面平均风速、总云量均呈显著减少趋势，全国平均霜冻日数减少了10天左右。随着气候变暖，高温、暴雨等极端气候事件将变得更为频繁，我国华北和东北地区干旱趋重，而长江中下游流域和东南地区则洪涝加重。
3、经济发展方式粗放
我国经济结构虽然得到一定程度的调整，但是产业结构层次仍然很低，简单数量扩展等问题还比较突出。
中国在世界经济总量中所占比例是递减的。2005年中国GDP总量已经居世界第6位，但同先进国家和世界平均水平的差距不仅没有缩小，反而越拉越大。GDP总量只有日本的38%、美国的14%，劳动生产率仅是发达国家的0.03%。人均GDP排名全球第112位，只相当于美国的3.2%、日本的3.7%、马来西亚的29%、伊朗的51%。与中国在世界经济总量中所占比例递减相反，资源消耗、污染排放占世界总量比例持续增长，高消耗、高排放、高增长的粗放型经济发展模式对我国的生态环境带来严重的压力，不仅使资源供需矛盾更加突出，而且导致严重的生态环境压力。
4、生态资产市场配置缺失
到2000年底，我国已初步建立起社会主义市场经济新体制。但是生态资产损失并没有被纳入经济成本，生态、资源配置领域的市场机制尚未建立起来，严重影响我国的可持续发展能力。据测算，我国环境污染损失约占GDP的3%～8%，生态破坏（草原、湿地、森林、土壤侵蚀等）约占GDP的6%-7%。环境经济政策未能及时调整，方式单调。一些发达国家已经普遍采用的经济手段尚未借鉴引入。对于自然环境资源的价值基础和价格难以确定，是造成自然资源目前难以纳入经济核算体系中的一个重要原因。如我国已实行排污收费制度多年，但长期处于“欠量补偿”的状态，即收费大大低于治理成本，更低于生态环境损失，没能体现环境的价值。资源价值是资源经济管理的基础。由于缺乏这一基础，使得环境经济政策收效并不显著。《21世纪议程》提出“应在所有国家中建立环境与经济一体化的核算系统”。采用环境核算体系和评价自然资源价值是实现环境资源市场配置的关键，但是，
这项工作在我国尚未取得实质进展。
2. Abnormal climate changes
Against the background of global climate changes, climate changes in China has made a quite distinct response to the global climate changes, especially in recent 50 years, more significant changes have taken place in the average surface temperature, precipitation, extreme weather events and other climatic factors of China. The average surface temperature has increased by 1.1℃ with a warming rate of 0.22℃ per 10 years, significantly higher than the average warming rate of the world or the Northern Hemisphere over the same period. Although the nationwide average annual precipitation has no significant changes, yet the inter-annual fluctuation of precipitation is obvious and precipitation has obvious regional differences. From 1956 to 2000, the annual precipitations in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, southeastern regions, most of the western regions, the northern part of northeast China and most of
Inner Mongolia increased in varying degrees; however, the annual precipitations in northern China, the eastern part of northwest China, the southern part of northeast China fell to some extent. The sunshine time, water surface evaporation, average wind speed near the ground and total cloud cover have all been reducing significantly and the nationwide average frost days have decreased by 10 days. With global warming, extreme weather events such as high temperature and rainstorm will become more frequent; droughts in northern and northeast China will become increasingly serious while floods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southeastern regions will increase too.
3. Extensive economic development mode
Chinese economic structure has been adjusted to a certain extent, but the industrial structure level is still low and the problems like simple quantity expansion are still relatively prominent.
Chinese economy occupies a diminishing proportion of the total world economic amount. In 2005, Chinese GDP ranked to the sixth in the world, but the gap between Chinese GDP and the GDP of developed countries or the average GDP level of the world did not narrow but became bigger and bigger on the contrary.
Chinese GDP only accounted for 38% of that in Japan and 14% of that in the United States and the labor productivity was only 0.03% of that in the developed countries. Per capita GDP ranked to the 112th in the world, only accounting for 3.2% of that in U.S., 3.7% of that in Japan, 29% of that in Malaysia and 51% of that in Iran. On the contrary of the diminishing proportion of Chinese GDP in the world, both resource consumption and pollution emission in China occupy a constantly increasing proportion of those in the world. The extensive economic development mode with high consumption, high emission and high growth has brought a heavy pressure to Chinese ecological environment, not only making more obvious contradiction between supply and demand of resources but also causing serious pressure on the ecological environment.
4. Allocation loss of ecological assets market
China had initially established a new socialist market economic system by the end of 2000. However, ecological assets losses have not been covered by the economic cost and the market mechanism in ecological and resource allocation fields has not yet been set up, which have made seriously impacts on the sustainable development capacity of China. According to estimates, China’s environmental pollution losses account for about 3%-8% of GDP and the ecological destruction (grasslands, wetlands, forests and soil erosion, etc.) account for about 6%-7% of GDP. Environmental economic policies fail to be adjusted and have monotone patterns. The economic instruments widely adopted in some developed countries have not yet been introduced into China. The difficulty in determining the value bases and prices of natural resources is an important reason why it is difficult to cover natural resources into the economic accounting system currently. For instance, China has implemented pollution charge system for many years but is still in the “balance compensation” status for a long time, namely, the charge is much lower than regulatory costs and especially less than the ecological environment losses so has not reflected the environment value. The resource value is the basis of resource economic management. In the absence of such basis, the effects of economic policies on environment are not significant. Agenda 21 has proposed that “shall set up an accounting system of environmental and economic integration in all countries” Use of environmental accounting system and evaluation of natural resources’ values is the key to realize the market allocation of environmental resources, but this work in China has not yet made any substantial progress.
2013.4.13