我国湿地资源介绍翻译-中英对照
湿地面积急剧减少。我国湿地资源面临的种种严重威胁。近40年来，全国仅围垦一项就使天然湖泊湿地消失近1000个，面积达130万公顷以上，湖泊围垦面积已超过五大淡水湖面积之和，失去调蓄容积325亿立方米，每年损失淡水资源约350亿立方米；沿海湿地围垦近1/2。我国湿地面积从占国土面积的6.9％左右下降到了3.77%，大大低于全球湿地占陆地面积6%的比例。随着湿地面积减少，湿地生态功能明显下降，生物多样性降低，出现生态恶化现象。
（4）生物多样性面临威胁
栖息地生境环境改变，影响生物多样性。多年来，人口膨胀以及农村和城市扩张，使大面积的天然森林、草原、湿地等自然生境遭到破坏，大量野生动物栖息地丧失，濒危灭绝。全国共有濒危或接近濒危的高等植物4000～5000种，占到了我国高等植物总数的15～20%。从中国的生物和自然资源的科学调查所积累的大量宝贵的资料中初步统计，大约有398种脊椎动物濒危，占中国脊椎动物总数的7.7％左右，258种野生动物已濒临灭绝。国家一级保护动物华南虎估计野外仅存数十只。分布于湖北枝城以下长江中、下游地区的白鱀豚，目前仅剩100多头。普氏野马、高鼻羚羊等物种在20世纪已经灭绝。一些过去的常见种（如：黄羊等)也沦为稀有种。在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录一所列640个种中，中国就有156个种，约占其总数的1/4，并且与之关联的40000多种生物的生存受到威胁，形势十分严峻。
（5）冰川退缩趋势明显
由于受气候变暖和人类活动的影响，近二三十年来中国西部冰川已经发生了明显变化，冰川物质亏损十分严重。《中国冰川资源及其变化调查》研究表明，所调查的近２万平方公里无表碛覆盖冰川总体处于缩小状态，缩小了1480平方公里，这部分冰川与20世纪50年代末至80年代第一次冰川普查相比总体缩小比例为7.4%。除了面积缩小，一些冰川厚度减薄明显，如祁连山老虎沟12号冰川面积缩小不明显，但冰面高程最高降低了20到25米；与七一冰川1984年的厚度数据比较，23年来该冰川总体平均减薄了19.6米，在末端区域减薄程度最大，超过了50米。
2、深层次生态问题日益突出
（1）生态系统结构不合理
长期以来，我国人口增加、产业发展、城市扩张以及交通、水电水利等基础设施建设，对区域生态系统结构产生了强烈的扰动，一些重要的生态信息发育基质被切割，生态信息联系廊道被阻断，生态信息融会节点被破坏。主要突出表现在：
景观结构变化显著。随着我国经济的飞速发展，我国城市化进程正逐步加快。经济发达区域城市群的快速形成已经从根本上改变了这些区域原有的景观格局和地表结构，如高速公路的修建使区域景观严重破碎化，生物的自由传播和流动受到严重限制；城市建设征用土地从而对乡村和郊野土地进行的土地整理以及河道的整治，使土地资源异质性大大降低，均匀度大大提高，小生境受到严重破坏，从根本上动摇了生物多样性的基础。
流域性结构不合理。由于在人口急剧增长的情况下，土地资源过度利用和不合理的开发，流域内生态系统严重失调，在山区，毁坏森林、陡坡开荒；在平原，盲目围湖造田，占用行洪洲滩，自然生态系统的服务功能受到严重破坏，使得河流中下游两岸的土地上着面临着洪水的威胁，不仅洪水位越来越高，防汛负担越来越大，而且防汛的风险也越来越大。部分内陆河流域，受以水土资源开发为基本特征的人类活动影响，山区植被面积减少，上游的过度开发导致中、下游水分条件恶化，沿岸天然绿洲不断退化，交错过渡带萎缩，而绿洲在失去过渡带的缓冲保护后荒漠化面积扩张，生态结构总体上向劣化方向演变。
产业结构与资源环境承载力不相适应。产业结构和布局脱离水资源条件，在缺水地区布置了很多高耗水项目，人为加剧了水资源紧张状况。例如，在水资源紧缺的北京，布置高耗水的冶金和石化项目；在地处荒漠地带的新疆，搞大规模商品粮基地建设；在气候非常干旱的宁夏，大面积种植高耗水的水稻，并在沙漠上推广种水稻，这些都是产业布局与水资源条件不相适应的典型。
(3) Worrying declined wetland function
Wetland area declines sharply. China’s wetland resources are faced with various serious threats. Over the past 40 years, only reclamation has made nearly 1,000 natural lake wetlands disappear, with an area of more than 1.3 million hectares, and the lake reclamation area has exceeded the total area of the five major fresh water lakes, resulting in the lost regulation and storage capacity of 32.5 billion cubic meters and the annually lost freshwater resources of about 35 billion cubic meters; coastal wetlands reclamation has reached nearly 1/2. China’s wetland area has fallen from about 6.9% to 3.77% of the total land area, much lower than 6%, the ratio of global wetland area occupying the total global land area. With the reduction of wetlands, wetland ecological functions have decreased significantly, resulting in biodiversity reduction and ecological deterioration.
(4) Threats to biodiversity
The change of habitat environment has affected biodiversity. Over the years, population growth and rural and urban expansion have destroyed large areas of natural forests, grasslands, wetlands and other natural habitats so that a large number of wild animals have lost their habitats loss and are endangered. There are 4,000 to 5,000 species of endangered or nearly endangered higher plants in China, accounting for 15% to 20% of the total higher plants. According to the preliminary statistics from a lot of valuable information accumulated through scientific investigation of biological and natural resources in China, there are about 398 species of endangered vertebrate animals, accounting for around 7.7% of the total number of vertebrate animals in China, and 258 species of wild animals have been endangered. It is estimated that the wild south China tigers as one of the first-class protected animals in China have only left dozens. The white-fin dolphins living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from the lower of Zhicheng, Hubei have only left over 100. Some species like Equus Przeualskii and high-nose antelopes went extinct in the 20th century. Some common species in the past (such as: Mongolian Gazelle, etc.) have become rare species. Among the 640 species listed in appendix I of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, there are 156 species in China, accounting for approximate 1/4 of the total number, and more than 40,000 species of associated biology suffer from survival threat, so the situation is very grim.
(5) Obvious trend of glacier retreat
Because of the climate warming and the impact of human activities, in recent two to three decades, significant changes have taken place in the glaciers in western China and the glacier material loss is extremely serious. According to the Survey on China’s Glacier Resources and Changes, the nearly 20,000 square kilometers glaciers not covered with moraine are in the overall state of reduction, with a reduced area of 1,480 square kilometers. This part of glaciers have an overall reduction ratio of 7.4% compared with the area according to the first glacier survey from the end of the 1950s to the 1980s. In addition to area reduction, some glaciers have thinned obviously, such as the No. 12 Glacier in the Tiger Ditch of Qilian Mountains, whose area reduction is not obvious but whose ice surface height has reduced by 20 to 25 meters at most; compared with the thickness data in 1984, Qiyi Glacier has thinned by 19.6 meters on average totally over the past 23 years and the thinning by more than 50 meters of the end area is maximum.
2. Deep ecological problems have become increasingly prominent
(1) Unreasonable ecosystem structure
For a long time, China’s population growth, industrial development, urban expansion as well as construction of infrastructures such as traffic, hydropower and water conservancy have brought a strong disturbance to regional ecosystem structure: a number of important ecological information development substrates have been cut; ecological information contact channels have been blocked; ecological information mixed nodes have been destroyed. This is profoundly manifested in the following:
Significant changes have taken place in landscape structure. With the rapid development of China’s economy, China’s urbanization process is gradually speeding up. Rapid formation of urban agglomerations in economically developed regions has fundamentally changed the original landscape patterns and surface structure of these regions, for example, the construction of freeways has seriously broken up the regional landscape and severely restricted the free spread and flow of biology; land expropriation for urban construction as well as sequent consolidation of countryside or suburb land and river rectification have greatly reduced the heterogeneity but the largely increased the uniformity of land resources, severely damaged the niche and fundamentally shaken the foundation of biodiversity.
River-basin structure is not reasonable. The ecosystem of river basins has been plagued with serious imbalance due to overusing and unreasonable exploitation of land resources under rapid growth of population. As a result of deforestation and steep slope cultivation in mountain areas as well as blind cultivated land reclamation from lakes and occupation of flood-draining river beaches in plain areas, the service function of natural ecosystem has been severely damaged so that the areas on both sides of the middle and lower reaches are faced with flood threat. Not only the flood level has become higher and higher but the flood-prevention burden has become heavier and heavier and the flood-prevention risk has become larger and larger. In some inland river basins, influenced by human activities with exploitation of water and soil resources as the basic characteristics, mountain vegetation has been reduced; water conditions of the middle and lower reaches have deteriorated caused by overexploitation of the upper reaches; coastal natural oasis continues to degrade; staggered transitional strips have shrunk; oasis desertification area has expanded for the loss of buffer protection by the transitional trips. Ecological structure trend to degradation on the whole.
Industrial structure is incompatible with the bearing capacity of resources and environment. Industrial structure and layout hasn’t taken water resource conditions into account and many high water consumption projects are distributed in water shortage areas, aggravating the shortage of water resources. For example, high water consumption metallurgical and petrochemical projects are distributed in Beijing, a city with deficient water resources; large-scale commodity grain bases are constructed in Xinjiang, a province located in desert belt; a large area of rice are planted in Ningxia, a province with a arid climate; rice planting is promoted in the desert areas, all of which are typical representatives of incompatibility between industrial distribution and water resource conditions.
2013.4.11