生态建设计划书翻译-中英对照
目前我国生态环境建设管理体系不统一，政出多门、条块分割、各行其是、多元领导现象突出，导致投资分散，责任不到位，形不成治理整体合力，有效治理不显著。生态环境建设需要大量资金投入，近年来，我国生态建设的投入不断增加，仅1998年到2002年，中国在环境保护和生态建设方面的投入高达5800亿元，占同期国内生产总值的1.29％以上，是1950年到1997年47年投入总和的1.8倍，有力地支持了生态环境保护工作。但由于资金使用分散，形成国家一家投入、分流使用的局面，无法形成治理整体合力，无法保证大面积有效治理经费。由于某些决策和实践缺乏系统科学的指导思想，生态建设没有能够鉴借当前国际上的综合生态系统管理先进理念，没有实现从单因子管理向多要素、全系统综合管理的转变，强调对区域、流域生态系统结构和功能的保护。部门化管理导致难以跨区域、跨工程从整体上把握生态环境建设，生态建设工程出现重叠和交叉，造成大量资金和人力的浪费；重建设、轻管理导致生态工程的成效和可持续性受到很大影响。
6、生态监管体制不和谐
我国已广泛建立起了各部门、各级生态环境相关的管理机构。但是由于部门管理的行政分割性，不同的生态要素（如水、土地、森林、草原）被分割开来，甚至同一个生态要素又被分割成许多片。政策思想偏重部门利益，缺乏对生态问题的整体性认识，从而影响了生态管理的效率。同时，生态保护的监管机制不健全。生态保护相关法律、法规、政策、标准不完善。生态监管能力落后。大部分地区尚未开展生态保护现场执法工作，各地普遍存在经费紧张、交通工具不足、装备落后等问题。生态保护科研力量有限，尤其是生态监测、预警等技术尚处于起步阶段，信息不足，渠道不畅，难以为生态管理提供良好的支撑作用。
三、未来主要压力
1、经济增长对生态环境的压力短期内难以缓解
由于起步较晚，当前我国正处于工业化、城镇化加速发展的时期，资源能源的消费和需求量极大，经济发展仍是高投入、高消耗、高排放、难循环、低效率的粗放性的增长方式，经济增长对生态环境的压力突出地表现为高速经济增长与资源消耗、生态破坏、环境污染的同步性。
我国生态环境脆弱区占国土面积的60%以上。其中，水土流失面积占国土总面积37.1%，每年因水土流失损失土壤50亿吨；90%的天然草原出现不同程度的退化，土地沙化每年以2460km2速度扩展；天然湿地大面积萎缩、消亡，其中海南、广东、广西的红树林湿地，在近20年内由5万公顷下降到1.4万公顷；90%城市地表水域受污染。中国人均耕地面积1.4亩，仅为世界平均水平的40%，但由于城市化、工业化耕地每年还在以高于每年1000万亩的速度在递减，并且受污染的耕地占了1／10以上比重。高速的经济发展使生态环境承受巨大压力，20世纪90年代以来，全国性或区域性生态灾害、环境污染事件频繁爆发。
由于经济发展速度过猛，国内矿产资源远远不能满足当前经济发展的需要。中国矿产资源总采掘量达50亿t，可人均占有量不足世界人均占有量的50%，但单位GDP能耗、物耗大大高于世界平均水平。2006年中国GDP达到了21600亿美元，占世界GDP总量的5.5%左右，但能源消耗达到了24.6亿万吨标准煤，大约占世界能源消耗的15%左右。钢材消费量达到了3.88亿吨，大约占世界钢材消耗的30%。水泥消耗了12.4亿吨，大约占世界水泥消耗量的54%。随着国民物质生活水平提高和经济总量的扩大，各类资源消耗以后较长时间里还将保持较高增长趋势。由于储量有限，矿产品消费对进口的依赖程度继续提高。石油达到45.2% ,铁矿石55% ,铜金属70% ,氧化铝45%，钾盐77%。近年来，我国石油、铁矿石、铜金属等对进口的依赖程度呈逐年增加趋势,尤其是石油和铁矿石对进口的依赖程度增加更快。据预测,中国45种主要矿产的现有储量,到2010年能够保证需要的只有24种,到2020年能够保证需要的仅有6种。
虽然我国国内生产总值年均增长速度仍将保持在7.5%的水平，但能源资源产出率极低。与国际先进水平比，中国大型钢铁企业吨钢的可比能耗要高出15%，火电供电能耗要高20%，水泥的综合能耗要高出23.6%。与国际先进水平相比，中国的工业部门每年多用能源约2.3亿吨标准煤。中国并没有摆脱先污染后治理的老路，已经存在着相当程度的环境透支。低效率必然伴随着高消耗、高排放，高污染。传统的产业结构升级调整不可能在短期内瞬间完成，粗放型的经济发展方式仍将在一段时期内长期存在，经济增长对资源环境的压力短期内难移缓解。因此生态环境压力逐年增大。
5. Integrity lack of ecological construction
At present, the ecological environment construction management system in China is not unified. Serious problems such as multiple governances, fragmentation, non-cooperation and multiple leaderships have led to scattered investment, not-in-place responsibility, no integrative resultant force for regulation and unobvious effective regulation. Construction of the ecological environment requires substantial capital investment and in recent years, China has made increasing investment in ecological construction. Only from 1998 to 2002, China invested as more as 580 billion yuan in environmental protection and ecological construction, which accounted for more than 1.29% of the GDP during the same period and was 1.8 times of the total investment of the 47 years from 1950 to 1997, effectively supporting the ecological and environmental protection work. Due to the separate use of funds, however, the situation of national investment but dispersed use can’t form an integrated resultant force for regulation and so can’t guarantee the funds for large area of effective regulation. As some decision-makings and practices lack of systematical and scientific guidelines, ecological construction has neither referenced the current international advanced concepts on the integrated management of ecosystem, nor achieved the change from a single-factor management to the multi-element and multi-system integrated management to stress protection on structure and function of regional and river-basin ecosystems. Sector management has led to difficulties in inter-region and inter-project controls of ecological environment construction from an overall view, so that overlapping and cross-cutting have happened to ecological construction projects, causing a lot of financial and human wastes; focusing on construction but ignoring management has led to large impacts on effectiveness and sustainability of ecological projects.
6. Disharmonious ecological regulation system
China has widely established related management organizations for different sectors and ecological environment at all levels. However, due to the administrative division of sector management, different ecological factors (such as water, land, forest and grassland) have been separated from each other, or even the same ecological factors have also been divided into many segments. Policy thoughts lay particular stress on sector interests and lack of overall understanding of ecological problems, thus affecting the efficiency of ecological management. Meanwhile, the regulation system of ecological protection is not sound; relevant laws, regulations, policies and standards on ecological protection are imperfect; ecological regulation capability is poor. Spot enforcement for ecological protection has not yet been carried out in most regions and problems such as fund lack, insufficient vehicles and poor equipment have occurred throughout the country. Scientific research forces for ecological protection are limited, especially the technologies like ecological monitoring and early warning are still in the initial stage and the information is insufficient and has poor channels, so it is difficult to provide a sound support to ecological management.
III. Main Pressures in the Future
1. The pressure from economic growth onto ecological environment can be released in a short term
At present, due to its late start, China is in the period of accelerated development of industrialization and urbanization; consumption and demand of resources and energy are extremely large; economic development is still in the extensive growth mode with high input, high consumption and high emission but low cycle and low efficiency; the pressure from economic growth onto ecological environment is especially manifested as the synchronization between high-speed economic growth and resources consumption, ecological destruction and environmental pollution.
The regions with fragile ecological environment cover more than 60% of the land area of China. The soil erosion area accounts for 37.1% of the total land area, with annual soil loss of 5 billion tons; 90% of the natural grassland has degraded in varying degrees, with annual land desertification rate of 2460 km2; annual wetland has shrunk and disappeared by a large area, for example, mangrove wetlands in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi have dropped from 50,000 hectares to 14,000 hectares over the past 20 years; 90% of urban surface waters has been polluted. China's per capita arable land area is 1.4 mu, only 40% of the world average level. Furthermore, the arable land is reduced at the rate of over 10 million mu every year due to urbanization and industrialization and the polluted farmland has accounted for above 1/10 of the total arable land. Rapid economic development has brought great pressure to ecological environment, so that national or regional ecological disasters and environmental pollutions have occurred frequently since the 1990s.
As a result of excessive speed of economic development, domestic mineral resources fall far short of current economic development needs. The mining of mineral resources in China has amounted to 5 billion tons, with a per capita share less than 50% of the world per capita level, but unit GDP energy consumption and material consumption are much higher than the world average levels. In 2006, China's GDP reached 2.16 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for around 5.5% of the total world GDP, but energy consumption got up to 24.6 trillion tons of standard coal, accounting for about 15% of the world energy consumption. Steel consumption reached 388 million tons, accounting for about 30% the world consumption, and cement consumption got up to 1.24 billion tons, accounting for about 54% of the world consumption. With the improvement of the national material living level and expansion of the overall economy size, consumption of various resources after will still maintain a higher growth trend for a longer time in future. Because of the limited reserves, the dependence degree of minerals consumption on imports continues to improve and the import ratios of oil, iron ore, copper metal, alumina and potassium salt have reached 45.2%, 55%, 70%, 45% and 77% respectively. In recent years, import dependence degree of oil, iron ore and copper metal in China has been increasing year by year, especially oil and iron ore. According to the forecast, among the 45 major minerals in China, only 24 of them have enough existing reserves to ensure the needs till 2010 and only 6 of them have enough existing reserves to ensure the needs till 2020.
China’s GDP will remain at an average annual growth rate of 7.5%, but the output rate of energy resources is quite low. Compared with international advanced level, the comparable energy consumption of per ton steel in China’s major iron and steel enterprises is 15% higher, energy consumption of thermal power supply is 20% higher, and comprehensive energy consumption of cement is 23.6% higher. Compared with international advanced level, China’s industrial sectors consume about 230 million tons of standard coal more every year. China is not out to the old path of pollution first and control last so there is already a considerable degree of environmental overdraft. Low efficiency will inevitably accompanied by a high consumption, high emission and high pollution. The upgrade and adjustment of traditional industrial structure can not be completed in the near future; extensive mode of economic development will still exist in a certain period for a long time; the pressure from economic growth onto resource and environmental will not be released in a short term. Therefore, the pressure on ecological environment will increase year after year.
2013.4.14