日本国民养老金的发展、改革及其对中国的启示-论文翻译-中英对照
Development, reformation and inspiration of Japanese pension to China
1．研究目的
1. Research purpose
本人长期在大学从事老年社会保障的教学和研究工作，对于国外老年社会保障制度有十分浓厚的兴趣，需要更多地学习国外的经验，与国外学术界开展更多的交流，以便于提高科研和教学水平。
Having engaged in teaching and research of the social security for aged in the university for a long period, I am very interest to the system of social security for aged of foreign countries. It is required to study the experience of foreign country, and carry out more communication with the foreign academia, so as to improve scientific research and teaching level.
探讨日本国民养老金制度的建立原因和发展过程、项目的设立、实际效果、出现的问题、目前改革的措施及其成效，是深化学术研究的需要。日本从上个世纪五六十年代开始建立国民养老保险制度，经过半个多世纪的发展，取得了较多的经验和教训。进入20世纪90年代，日本经济持续低迷，导致用于养老的财政收入增长缓慢，加上人口迅速老化所带来的养老金支出扩大，国民年金面临着财务危机。日本政府开始改革养老金制度，包括降低养老金待遇，提高支付起始年龄，建立积累基金，扩大基金投资渠道等。养老金制度改革成为几届日本政府的面临的重要任务，也成为学术界关注的一个焦点。
Study the reason for establishment, evolution process, establishment of project, actual effect, problem occurred, measure and effect of present reformation of the system of Japanese pension is the demand for deepening the academic research. Japan has begun to establish the national pension system for the aged in fifties and sixties. Having developed rapidly for about half a century, it has achieved many experiences and lessons. Entering 1990s, the economy stagnancy of Japan leads to the low growth in financial revenue for aged. In addition, the increasing pension expense due to the growing aging population leads the financial crisis of national annuity. The Japanese government begins to reform the pension system, including reduces the treatment of the pension, raises the initial age of payment, sets up accumulation funds and expands investment channel of funds, etc.. The reform of pension system becomes several important tasks faced by Japanese government as well as a focus to the academia circle.
本课题研究的另一个住要目的是为解决中国的老年社会保障问题寻找可供借鉴的措施。中国老年人口数量十分庞大，低收入老年人比重较大，市场经济的快速发展导致使老年人与在职人员收入差距拉大，需要通过建立社会保障，通过学习国外的经验来保护老年人的利益。
Another main purpose of the research of this subject is to search the measure suitable for solving the social security for the aged of China. China has a large number of aged populations. The old person with low-income constitutes a large portion. The rapid development of market economy leads the income gap between the old people and the on-the-job personnel become wider. It is required to establish the social security and learn the foreign experience to protect the interests of old person.
2．研究意义
2. Significance of research
为什么实行了半个世纪的日本国民养老金制度出现了危机，对其改革的原因和措施是什么，改革是否可以克服人口老龄化和资金不足的问题？改革过程中面临的新问题、变革前景如何，未来的养老金模式应该是什么样的？这些是现实的日本社会不断提出和需要解决的问题，也是学术界需要回答的问题。
Why the system of Japanese pension which has implements for half a century has occurred the crisis; what are the reason and measure to its reform; whether or not this reform overcomes the problems of aging population and lacking of funds? How about the new problem and prospect of reform during reforming process; what the mode of the pension should be in the future? These are problems which Japanese societies constantly put forward and require to be solved at present, and it is also the question that the academia needs to be answered.
本课题研究将有利于探讨日本国民养老金制度的改革方向。日本养老金出现财政危机有以下两个方面原因：一是养老金征收基础不断弱化。首先，持续经济衰退迫使大批中小企业破产和倒闭，失业人员数量增加，失业者因收入锐减交不起或拖欠养老保险费用。其次，养老金财务危机打击了一些青年人、农民和个体工商户加入养老保险的信心，他们不愿意加入国民年金计划，拒绝交纳养老金。2002年，农民和个体工商户中未交纳的比例接近40%，如果加上学生和保险费全额免除人员，实际上被保险者中约有半数没有缴纳保险费。再次，随着生育下降，劳动年龄人口比例下降，缴费的基数不断缩小。二是养老金支出不断扩大。日本的人均预期寿命居全球之冠，目前达到80岁以上，到2050年将提高到88岁。人均预期寿命延长之后，老年人口及其高龄人口比例不断增加。1990年，80岁以上的高龄人口占老年人口比例为20%，2000年上升到22.4%，2020年将上升到32.4%，2030年进一步上升到42.4%。人口老龄化和高龄化不仅使养老金支出规模不断扩大，而且导致支出的时间延长。目前日本养老支出超过了财政预算50%左右，养老金收入和支出不平衡，迫使日本政府只好采取提高缴纳比例等措施来转嫁财政负担。据估计，如果不对先行的养老体制进行改革，到2015年之后日本养老金账户将出现严重的危机。针对这些问题，从学术上开展深入的研究，及时提出切实可行的解决对策，有利于缓解当前及今后严重的养老金危机。
The research of this subject will help to explore the reform direction of the system of Japanese pension. The reasons of the financial crisis of the Japanese pension have the following two aspects: First, the foundation of pension collecting is being weakened constantly. First of all, the continuing economic recession leads the bankrupt of large number of small and medium-sized enterprises. The quantity of unemployed person is increasing as well. The jobless pay less or in arrears with the insurance premium of pension due to the decreasing of income. Secondly, the financial crisis of weaken the confidence of the young people, peasant and self-employed entrepreneur to join the insurance of the aging pension. They are reluctant to join the plan of national annuity and refuse to pay the pension. In 2002, the proportion of the peasant and self-employed entrepreneur that fail to pay the pension premium is about 40%. Adding the proportion of students and insurance premium exempted personnel, in fact, nearly half of insured person have not paid the insurance premium. Moreover, with the declining rate of breeding and working-aged population, the base fee is reduced as well. Second, the pension expenditure is expanding constantly. The average life expectancy of Japanese is the longest one in the world, which reaches 80 at present and will raise to 88 years old by 2050. After the average life expectancy is prolonged, the old population and proportions of aged are increasing constantly. In 1990, the population of aged personnel above 80 years old shall account 20%. It rose to 22.4% in 2000. It will rise to 32.4% in 2020 and rise to 42.4% further in 2030. Aging population and aged population will not only constantly expend the pension expenditure, but also prolong the expenditure process. In present, the Japanese pension expenditure has exceeded 50% of financial budget. The unbalance of pension receipts and expenditures urges the Japanese government to take relevant measures for improving the proportion of paying etc. to shift the financial burden. It is estimated, if they do not carry out the reform to the previous pension system, the serious crisis will appear in the Japanese pension account by 2015. In order to solve these problems, the promotion of deepening research in academy and putting forward the feasible settlement countermeasure in time shall help to alleviate the serious pension crisis at present and in the future.
中国也需要从日本的国民养老金制度及其改革中吸取有益的经验。中国目前正在经历快速的市场经济发展过程，同时也在经历快速的人口老龄化，老年人口增长十分迅速，现在中国60岁以上老年人口已经达到1.5亿。在这个数量庞大的老年人口中，大部分生活在农村并处于低收入状态，需要政府给与更多的帮助。日本的国民养老金制度及其改革经验教训，对于解决中国大量没有固定收入和低收入老年人的社会保障需求，有重要的参考价值。
China is also required to draw the advance experience from national pension system and its reform of Japanese. China is undergoing the fast market economy evolution at present and is also undergoing the fast aging population at the same time. The populations of aging people increase very fast. Now the aged population over 60 years old in China has already up to 150 million. Of these huge number of aged population, the majority of them lives in the countryside with low income, which need more helps of government. National pension system and reforming experience and lessons of Japan have an important reference for solving the demand of social security of large number of aging person without fixed income and low income in China.
在这个研究领域，有过一些相关的研究成果，但是对于中国的学术界缺乏对于发达国家的国民养老金制度的研究，而且以往的研究，即使在日本，多是提出和分析问题的较多，对于解决措施的研究比较缺乏。同时还应该看到，学术界对于日本国民养老金制度能够给中国提供借鉴价值的研究更为缺乏。因此，需要在这个领域开展新的更加深入的研究。
In this research field, there were some relevant research results, however, as for the research academia of China, it lack the study of the national pension system of developed country. And the past research, even in Japan, most of those are putting forward and analyzing the problems and it lack the research of solving measure. At the same time we should also see, the academia lack research the reference brought by the reform of Japanese pension system. Therefore, it is required to carry out new and deepening research in this field.
本课题将开展以下几个方面的研究：（1）日本国民养老金制度建立的历史、发展过程；（2）日本国民养老金制度的项目内容、实施效果和目前存在的问题；（3）日本国民养老金的需求、资金供给的未来变化趋势及可预见的问题；（4）针对日本国民养老金问题的对策建议；（5）日本国民养老金制度发展和改革的经验教训及其对中国的启示，中国建立国民养老金制度的计划设计及其实施建议。
This subject research may include the following several aspects: (1) The history and evolution process the system of national pension of Japan; (2) Project content, implementing effect and existing problem at present of the system of national pension of Japan; (3) Demand and future variation tendency of fund supply and foreseeable problems of national pension of Japan; (4) The countermeasure and suggestion of the problems of national pension of Japan; (5) the experience and lessons of the development and reform and enlightenment of national pension system of Japan to China, and the plan and the implementing suggestion for China to set up the system of national pension.
研究方法：
Research approach:
本研究以文献研究和已发表的数据资料研究为主，配合专家访谈的方法。关于中文的研究文献，过去已经出版了一些相关的文献。本研究将利用中国人民大学图书馆、中国社会科学院、北京图书馆的相关文献；本课题组成员能够运用英文、日文、中文等语言查阅文献。本课题还将充分利用互联网的文献和数据资源，将利用中国的期刊网，利用日本厚生省、日本总务省统计局的数据资料，将访问日本各相关研究机构（包括民间研究机构）的网站，利用其发表的文献和资料开展研究。
This research mainly includes the data materials of documents research and published materials, and cooperates with recommended method from the interview of experts. As for the research documents of Chinese, some relevant documents had already published in the past. This research will utilize relevant documents of library of the People's University of China, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Beijing Library; the members of this seminar may read these documents in English, Japanese and Chinese, etc. This subject will also fully utilize documents of Internet and data resource. It will utilize the data materials of periodical network of China, Welfare in Japan, statistics bureau of general affairs province of Japan, websites of relevant research institution of Japan (includes the folk research institution) and utilize the published document and materials for research.
除了文献研究，本课题还将开展专家访谈，将访问中国社会科学院、中国人民大学、北京大学等重要研究机构以及日本来华的专家，获得权威专家的研究观点，从而完成本课题的研究任务。
Except the research documents, this subject will also hold the interview of experts. And visit the expert of important research institutions, such as Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the People's University of China, Beijing University, etc. and experts from Japan, so as to obtain the research view point of authoritative experts and finish the research task of this subject.
描述性研究和探索性研究也将是本项目的特点。本课题将运用获得的数据资料开展描述性的研究，搞清楚日本国民养老金的历史和现状，并运用定性的探索研究方法分析原因及其后果，提出对策性的政策建议。
The characteristics of this project also include the descriptive research and exploratory research. This subject shall utilizes the obtained data materials to carry out the descriptive research, understand the clear insight of the history and current situation of Japanese pension, and use the qualitative exploration research approach to analyze its reason and consequence, and propose the recommendations of countermeasure policy.
预期研究成果
Anticipated research results
阶段性成果：在国内有影响的学术刊物上发表1—2篇学术论文，作为中期研究成果
Phase achievement: Publish 1- 2 scientific papers on the domestic influential academic publication as the research results of middle period
最终成果：完成最终研究报告，提供给日本住友集团基金会The Sumitomo Foundation，在基金会允许的情况下提供给本人所在单位科研管理部门和本国政府社会保障部；通过相关的国内外学术研讨会交流和宣传本研究成果。
Final achievement: Finish the final research report and submit to the Sumitomo Foundation. And offer to the scientific research administrative department of author’s unit and social security department of government with the approval of foundation; exchange and publicize the research results through the relevant domestic and international scientific seminar.
2012.10.28